![]() This diagram gives examples of the lowest and highest note in each octave, giving their name in the Helmholtz system, and the "German method" of octave nomenclature. Correspondingly, the notes in the octave may be called one-lined C (for c′), etc. For example, the octave from c′– b′ is called the one-line octave or (less common) once-accented octave. Whole octaves may also be given a name based on "English strokes notation". LilyPond music publishing software uses an all-lowercase variant, where pitches that would be uppercase in Helmholtz notation are written with an additional sub-prime: c, and c, and c, represent Helmholtz C͵͵ and C͵ and C respectively.A system of pitch designation using uppercase and lowercase letters, commas and apostrophes, formally identical to Helmholtz pitch notation but shifted by one octave is used for ABC notation.Primes in subscript (or superscript) may be replaced with digits in subscript (superscript) indicating the number of primes for example, ͵͵C or C 2 or 2C, c″ or c 2 (but not 2c).Because the typesetting is difficult this notation has fallen out of use. The English strokes notation replaces subscript-primes with underlines and superscript primes with overlines: C͵͵ is rendered as C͇ C͵ as C c′ as c̄ and c″ as c̿ etc.Therefore C͵ is rendered as CC C͵͵ as CCC etc. The English multiple-letter notation uses repeated Cs in place of the sub-prime symbol.Middle C is designated c′, therefore the octave from middle C upwards is c′– b′. The note C is shown in different octaves by using upper-case letters for low notes, and lower-case letters for high notes, and adding sub-primes and primes in the following sequence: C͵͵ C͵ C c c′ c″ c‴ (or ,C ,C C c c′ c″ c‴ or C ⸜⸜ C ⸜ C c c ⸝ c ⸝⸝ c ⸝⸝⸝) and so on. The accenting of the scale in Helmholtz notation always starts on the note C and ends at B (e.g. Once also widely used by scientists and doctors when discussing the scientific and medical aspects of sound in relation to the auditory system, it has now been replaced in the US in scientific and medical contexts by scientific pitch notation. ![]() His system is widely used by musicians across Europe and is the one used in the New Grove Dictionary. Helmholtz based his notation on the practice of German organ builders for labelling their pipes, itself derived from the old German organ tablature in use from late medieval times until the early 18th century. Ellis as On the Sensations of Tone (1875). Helmholtz proposed this system in order to accurately define pitches in his classical work on acoustics Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen als physiologische Grundlage für die Theorie der Musik (1863) translated into English by A.J.
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